Overview of pear varieties Osennyaya Yakovleva: advantages, disadvantages, nuances of growing
Autumn-ripening pears are especially popular in our latitudes. The fruits are stored in a cool room until late autumn. Today we will talk about one of these - the Autumn Yakovleva pear. This variety of domestic selection is grown in the Black Earth Region and regions of the middle lane.
The plant is distinguished by a high level of drought tolerance, stable fruiting and excellent palatability.
The content of the article
The history of the origin and distribution of the variety
Pear Autumn Yakovleva is an autumn ripening variety that was bred by crossing the varieties Daughter Blankova and Bergamot Esperena... The work was carried out by breeders P.N. Yakovlev, S.P. Yakovlev and Z.N. Tsvetaeva - employees of the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Genetics and Breeding of Fruit Plants. I. V. Michurin.
The first tests were carried out in 1949. The variety has been approved for cultivation since 1974 in Voronezh, Kursk, Volgograd regions and is most widespread in the regions of the middle zone.
Description and characteristics
The trees are tall (about 15 m) and fast growing... The crown is rare, spreading. The branches droop slightly as they grow. The shape is highly round or wide pyramidal.
Curved shoots, dark brown, medium thickness, few lentils... The leaf plate is wide, slightly curved, of medium size, the tip is pointed. The base of the leaf is wedge-shaped, directed upwards. Serrated edges. Petioles are long, stipules subulate.
Variety has a high ability to shoot - after pruning, the crown thickens strongly.
Fruits are formed on fruit rods and ringlets, have a ribbed, wide pear-shaped or irregular rounded-rhomboid shape. Average weight - 130-150 g, maximum - 250 g.
Fruits of medium ripeness are green, with a slight blush on the sunny side... Fruits of technical ripeness have a green-yellow color. The cover color runs along the narrow part in the form of a vague carmine blush. Large brown spots are visible on the skin.
Peduncles of medium thickness and length, straight. The funnel is wide, rust-free. Open cup. The saucer is shallow, wide, ribbed. The heart is oval, wide.
Seeds are large, ovoid, light brown in color, with closed seed chambers.
The pulp is oily, dense, non-grained... The aroma is poorly expressed. The taste is melting, juicy, delicate, sweet, without astringency, with a slight aftertaste of nutmeg. Tasting score - 4.8-4.9 points on a five-point system.
Biochemical composition of the fetus:
- sugar - 9%;
- acidity - 0.08%;
- vitamin C - 12 mg;
- catechins - 38.8 mg.
The fruiting period begins 5 years after planting, however, there is information about later dates. The use of fruits is universal: wines, preserves, jams, marmalade, compotes, candied fruits. The crop is harvested in the second half of August and stored in a cellar until the end of October. Productivity - 30-35 kg per tree.
The level of winter hardiness is low - down to -25 ° C... Drought resistance is high. The variety is prone to fruit scab.
Autumn Yakovleva is used in breeding work... With her participation, the Debutante pear variety was bred, zoned in the Middle Volga region.
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Advantages and disadvantages
The advantages of the variety:
- high taste;
- drought resistance;
- productivity;
- stable fruiting;
- keeping quality;
- vitaminization.
disadvantages:
- susceptibility to fruit scab;
- tallness;
- late fruiting;
- the need for pruning the crown.
Preparation of planting material and soil
When cultivating the varieties, standard agricultural techniques for pears are used.... Planting is preferably done in spring. When planting in autumn in the regions of the middle lane, there is a high probability of freezing out unrooted seedlings in winter.
The site is chosen on the sunny side, without drafts, with deep groundwater... On the north side, trees must be protected from the piercing cold winds by the dense crown of neighboring trees or by the wall of the house. At the same time, it is not recommended to place seedlings in the immediate vicinity of fences or trees so that they do not end up in the shade.
The soil must be moisture and breathable, fertile... Black earth or loam with an acidity level of pH 5.5-6 is best suited. The plant does not develop well on alkaline soil.
Seedlings can be purchased in the spring, but in the fall the choice is much wider.... This is due to the fact that nurseries massively dig out seedlings in autumn. In the spring, unsold copies go on sale, which were left for storage.
A high-quality seedling has a well-developed root system, smooth bark without cracks... The optimal age is 1-2 years. Old seedlings do not take root well, later they begin to grow and bear fruit.
Saplings bought in the fall are buried in the ground until spring for better preservation... In the garden, they dig a rectangular hole, up to 30 cm deep, pour river sand on the bottom and lay the plant with its rhizome down. The top is placed on the edge of the pit. Before this, the roots are dipped in a solution of a mullein with clay, then covered with sand and watered with water. With the arrival of cold weather, the pit is filled with soil.
It is permissible to store seedlings in basement at a temperature of 0 ... + 5 ° C.
Landing technology
Tall trees with spreading branches need space for full development. Recommended landing pattern: 4-4.5 × 5-6 m.
A hole for planting trees is prepared in the fall... Its size depends on the fertility of the soil. The lower the nutrient content of the soil, the larger the pit. A depression with a diameter of 80 cm and a depth of 70-80 cm is formed on the loam. A hole with a diameter of 1 m and a depth of 2 m is dug on the sandy soil.
The bottom is compacted with gravel, broken brick, expanded clay to prevent water stagnation... The thickness of the drainage layer is 10-15 cm.
A nutrient mixture of peat, black soil, sand and humus is introduced into the recess (1: 1: 1: 1), add 300-400 g of superphosphate and 3-4 liters of wood ash. The pit is covered with roofing material, slate or a thick film to prevent the nutrient mixture from being washed out by melt water in spring.
In the spring, seedlings are dug up or taken out of storage, carefully examined and immerse the roots in a solution of "Kornevin", "Heteroauxin", "Epin" to stimulate the formation of new roots.
Shelter is being removed from the pit, in the center, a depression is formed according to the size of the rhizome and a slight elevation is made... A stake 1-1.3 cm high above the ground level is driven in 15 cm from the center.
The seedling is lowered to an elevation with a root collar, and the roots are spread along the slopes... Pour earth on top. Each new layer is compacted. The root collar should be at ground level.
After filling the hole, the seedling is tied to a peg with an elastic rope.... It is important not to squeeze the bark.
A shaft is formed around the pit 25-30 cm high to retain water when watering.
After planting, the seedling is watered abundantlyso that air bubbles come out and the earth adheres tightly to the roots. After the soil dries, the top layer is loosened and covered with sawdust, spruce branches, compost, straw. Mulch layer - 6-8 cm.
The central conductor of a young tree is pruned to a height of 60-80 cm, the branches are shortened by 50%.
Growing and care
Standard pear agrotechnics: watering, pruning, feeding, disease prevention.
Watering is carried out regularly - once every 25-30 days... The first time the pear is watered before flowering, the last - in October. The soil is poured to a depth of 25-35 cm. The trunk is spud to prevent direct contact with water. This way it is possible to protect the root collar from decay.
The soil is loosened after each watering and rain for better oxygenation of the root system.
Mulching traps moisture and reduces the frequency of watering and loosening... The layer of mulch is regularly checked and renewed - it is an ideal environment for gristles and slugs to accumulate.
The nutrient mixture in the planting pit is depleted after 3-4 years after landing. Top dressing begins to be applied annually, using organics and minerals.
Top dressing scheme:
- Compost, peat and humus are introduced in the spring for digging every 2-3 years. 5-7 kg are used for 1 m² of the trunk circle.
- Nitrogen-containing fertilizers (ammonium nitrate, urea, "Nitroammofosku") are applied annually in the amount of 20-30 g / m².
- During the period of active growth of shoots and fruits, trees are fed with potassium sulfate or monophosphate in the amount of 10-20 g / m².
- Superphosphate is introduced in the fall for digging - 20-30 g / m².
- To support fruiting, trees are fed with a solution of mullein or chicken droppings: 2 liters of liquid fertilizer are poured into 10 liters of water and left for a week in a warm place for fermentation. Fertilizer consumption - 10 liters per 1 m² of the trunk circle. Instead of mullein, green fertilizers are used (infusion of nettles, weeds, tops, any grass): 5-7 kg of raw materials per 10 liters of water.
The crown is cut in March... This procedure is performed in order to delay the growth of branches and stimulate the growth of buds and fruits.
Important! At the end of April, trees are sprayed with Fury and Inta-vir preparations to prevent fungal diseases and the spread of pests.
Standard crown formation for tall trees - sparse-tiered... An annual seedling is cut to 70 cm. In the next season, the first tier of 3-4 shoots with a height of 45-50 cm is formed. Over the next two years, a second tier of 2-3 frame branches is laid at a height of 35-40 cm from the extreme branch of the first tier. If necessary, form the third tier of their 1-2 branches. After 5 years, a crown of 6-8 frame branches should be obtained.
There are other types of trimming:
- sanitary (removal of dry, diseased and damaged branches);
- regulating (thinning);
- supporting (shortening the length of branches to stimulate fruiting).
The last type of pruning is performed by the method of chasing (by shortening young shoots by 5-10 cm), or shoots are formed that replace fruiting branches.
General requirements for pruning:
- The pruning tool (hacksaw, pruner, delimber, knife) must be sharp.
- Before starting work, the instrument is disinfected with a 1% solution of copper sulfate, a 3% solution of hydrogen peroxide, a 3% solution of potassium permanganate, alcohol (optional).
- After pruning, hemp and knots should not be left open - after drying, putrefactive processes develop, a fungal infection joins. Experienced gardeners are advised to use the "ring" technique. The branch is filed with a hacksaw from the bottom by 1/3 of the thickness, stepping back from the ring 25 cm.Then the tool is shifted by 2-3 cm to the side and sawed from above. After removing the branch, the stump is sawed off along the top of the ring. A torn, uneven cut is cleaned with a knife - a smooth one heals faster. The saw cut is disinfected with brilliant green or a biological product "Farmayod" and covered with tree paint based on lanolin or beeswax.
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Protection against diseases and pests
To minimize the risk of fungal and bacterial infections and insect attacks, use prevention methods:
cleaning of weeds and plant residues;- destruction of infected trees and their parts;
- plowing the soil to a depth of 20-25 cm;
- treatment of damaged bark with fungicides;
- autumn whitewashing of frame branches and trunks with slaked lime or copper sulfate;
- spring installation of fishing belts on boles;
- spraying with fungicides and insecticides.
The Osennyaya Yakovleva variety has an increased risk of scab infection, especially during the period of mass distribution.... High humidity and cold weather promote the spread of the fungus.
Signs of scab:
- dense, dark green and brown-brown spots on the leaves;
- cracks and swellings on the bark of young shoots, slowing down their growth;
- dark dense spots with cracks on the fruits (through them pathogenic microflora penetrates into the pulp, provoking decay).
To treat trees, use 3% Bordeaux liquid... Processing is carried out in spring and autumn. Before flowering, trees are sprayed with Horus or Skor fungicides at intervals of 10-12 days.
Pear is most often attacked pear moth, pear weevil, leafworm aphid, winter moth and pear honeybeast. In spring and early summer, trees are treated with Decis or Fufanon preparations, then biological preparations Iskra or Iskra Bio are used.
Pollinating varieties
The level of self-fertility of the variety has not been studied... Some sources mention partial self-fertility, therefore, next to the Osennyaya Yakovleva pear, the varieties Avgustovskaya and Lada are planted.
Cross-pollination occurs during full flower opening... The flowering and ripening periods of different varieties often do not coincide. Flowering of Autumn Yakovleva can occur simultaneously with late summer and late autumn varieties. Trees growing at a distance of 50-60 m can be re-pollinated, therefore, in practice, the number of pollinators increases due to specimens located nearby.
Reviews
Reviews about the Osennyaya Yakovleva pear are mostly positive. Gardeners note high yields and excellent taste.
Evgeniy, Nizhny Novgorod: “I grow several varieties of pears in the garden, including Osennaya Yakovleva. I don't bother too much with pruning, I just cut off thickened branches. The trees began to bear fruit 7 years after planting. Withstand frosts down to -40 ° С. In dry years, it gives small fruits, but just as tasty ".
Vasily, Borisoglebsk: “This pear variety has been growing in my garden for 15 years and is actively bearing fruit. I have no particular complaints, except that the tendency to scab spoils the picture a little. Knowing this feature, I carry out preventive treatment with Bordeaux liquid and spray it with "Skor" before flowering. The pears are very tasty, sweet and sweet. The pulp is without grains. The aroma is dim, but taste is more important to me ".
Conclusion
Autumn Yakovleva is a domestic pear variety adapted to cultivation in regions with warm and temperate climates. The plant has a low level of frost resistance, however, according to some reviews, it can withstand frosts down to -40 ° C. Partial self-fertility forces gardeners to plant trees near the pollinating varieties Avgustovskaya and Lada. The palatability of the fruit is high: the pulp is sweet, oily, without grains.
Tall trees are pruned to form a crown and prevent thickening of the branches. Exposure to scab requires preventive treatments with Bordeaux liquid and fungicides.