Stages of sowing winter wheat and further planting care

The value of winter wheat lies in its grain. It is high in protein, fat and carbohydrates. Protein forms gluten, which is essential in the production of bread and makes it the best quality.

Winter wheat cultivation technology has features that affect the yield. In the article we will tell you about the stages of sowing winter wheat and further care for the plantings.

Features of sowing winter wheat

The main difference between winter wheat and spring wheat is the timing of sowing and the duration of growth.... Winter varieties are sown in autumn or at the end of summer, so that the culture has time to germinate and take root before frosts come. Spring varieties are sown in spring. The duration of the growing season for spring wheat is no more than one hundred days, for winter (including winter) - 320-350 days.

Unlike spring wheat, winter wheat gives a higher yield... It has a stronger root system, it is more resilient, it endures changes in weather conditions.

Winter wheat needs a long day to develop... Insufficient lighting leads to the germination of a tillering leaf near the soil surface. This reduces the winter hardiness of the crop.

Seed germination depends on ambient temperature and humidity... They germinate for 6-9 days at an air temperature of + 14 ° С, soil - about + 1 ° С. At temperatures below + 14 ° C, seedlings appear on the 13-16th day. In a snowless winter, seedlings tolerate a decrease in temperatures to -19 ° С

The optimum temperature during flowering and ripening of cereals is from +18 to + 27 ° С... If the summer is dry, then this negatively affects the ripening of the grain. Winter crops require more moisture than spring crops throughout the growing season. So, during grain germination, at least 1 cm of water is required in the upper soil layer, during tillering - up to 3 cm.

Sowing dates

Sowing dates depend on climatic conditions and soil fertility.

The optimal time is September 15-20... The wheat planted at this time has time to sprout and take root before the onset of frost. On poor soils, crops are sown earlier - September 14-17. On fertile, a later sowing date is possible. Fertile soils accelerate the development of grain, it germinates faster, and by winter it can outgrow and freeze.

Before the onset of cold weather, the culture develops for about two months, has 2-4 developed sprouts.

Seeding rates per hectare

Climatic conditions, quality of seed material, sowing time, variety, method of sowing, weediness of the field, predecessors affect the seeding rate of grain.

The optimal rate is considered, which provides the necessary germination and productivity in certain climatic conditions. The maximum productivity of winter crops is achieved when the number of plants during harvesting is 300-400 pcs. per 1 m², with a density of productive stand of 500-700 pcs. for 1 m².

The seeding rate per hectare varies from 2.7 to 5.7 million seeds... The harvest rate from 1 hectare is 300 kg, this figure depends on the sowing time. The later the sowing is carried out, the more seeds per 1 ha are required, the less harvest will be.

To calculate the norm in kilograms per hectare, use the formula: H = K * B * 100 / G, G = A * B / 100, where:

• H - seeding rate, kg / ha;
• K - million seeds per hectare;
• B is the mass of 1000 seeds, g;
• G - sowing or economic suitability,%;
• A - seed purity,%;
• B - seed germination,%.

The formula shows that the seeding rate of winter crops depends on seeding coefficient (K), weight of 1000 seeds (C) and sowing suitability (D). Other factors are not considered.

Subject to obtaining field germination at the level laboratory and the absence of plant death during the growing season, this formula would be convenient for calculations. But with insufficient quality pre-sowing preparation of soil and seeds, field germination can exceed 70-80%.

The calculation of the seeding rate of winter wheat using this formula takes this into account and provides for sowing a safety stock of seeds, which is about 20-30% of the seeding rate.

Variety selection

To get good shoots and harvest, local varieties are chosen for sowing.... Varieties from other countries take a long time to get used to climatic conditions, soil, cultivation technologies. Let's talk about the most common and fruitful varieties of winter wheat.

Bezenchukskaya 380

A mid-season variety of winter wheat, characterized by high productivity, winter hardiness and drought resistance... Resistant to powdery mildew, yellow rust, septoria. The growing season is 335 days. Productivity - 73 kg / ha. Grown in central Russia, central regions.

Nemchinovskaya 57

Mid-season variety, winter hardy, drought and lodging resistant... Productivity from 34 to 68.5 kg / ha. Cultivated in the Moscow and Tula regions.

Mironovskaya 808

Mid-season variety... Resistant to low temperatures, drought and lodging. May be affected by brown rust. The growing season is 300-310 days. Productivity - 50 kg / ha. Cultivated in the central regions, in Western Siberia and the Urals.

Moskovskaya 39

A distinctive feature - high protein content in grain... Resistant to frost and lodging, average drought resistance. Not susceptible to infection with hard smut and septoria. Average yield - 28.6 kg / ha. Cultivated in the Far East, in the Central and Northwest regions.

Yuka

Early ripening variety, average winter hardiness. Yuka variety resistant to lodging. High yield - up to 100 kg / ha. Cultivated in the North Caucasus region.

Read also:

What is good about the "Thunder" wheat variety and what are its features

Winter wheat "Moscow 40": variety description

Description and characteristics of the winter wheat variety "Bagrat"

The best predecessors according to the rules of crop rotation

Yield, productivity, structure and quality of grain depend on the choice of predecessors., the percentage of gluten.

Plants with an early ripening period are suitable as precursors for winter crops.... They do not delay the clearing of fields for plowing, their root system helps to accumulate moisture in the soil. Crops prevent weeds from sprouting and clogging fields.

The best predecessor is clean steam, which accumulates a large amount of moisture in the soil. Then crops are planted:

• legumes;
• corn for green forage and silage;
• oats;
• buckwheat;
• perennial herbs.

You can not plant winter crops after barley... Wheat is planted in one place no more than once every 2 years.

Soil preparation

The place for sowing wheat is chosen sunny, with deep groundwater... Chestnut, podzolic, chernozem and sod-gley soils are suitable for growing winter crops. Mineral fertilizers are applied to other soils before planting.

Before sowing, tillage is carried out... It is cleared of weeds, if necessary, treated from pests.

Optimal acidity level land for winter wheat - pH = 6.5-7.

The soil is plowed to a depth of 8-10 cm... Wherein close up fertilizer and plant residues. On an industrial scale, a complex of mineral fertilizers is applied to the land. In small farms, humus is applied with the addition of potash (40-60 kg / ha), phosphorus (60-80 kg / ha) and nitrogen (30-50 kg / ha) fertilizers.

After the ground is leveled.

Sowing technology

Large and high-quality winter seeds are selected for sowing... The shoots of large grains have time to develop the root system and lay a deeper tillering node - this significantly increases the winter hardiness of the plant.

Wheat is sown by the conventional method, which has its advantages:

• provides friendly shoots, growth and development;
• reduces losses during harvesting;
• reduces the cost of equipment;
• ensures the rational use of sown areas.

Optimum planting depth - from 4 to 10 cm.

After sowing, the seeds are rolled up with earth, the earth is harrowed... If wheat is sown later than the optimal time, then the depth of planting seeds is reduced by 1-2 cm. This accelerates the growth of winter crops.

Nuances depending on the region of planting

Depending on the region, the timing and rate of sowing, the depth of planting seeds are different... This is due to the peculiarities of climatic conditions, composition and moisture content of the soil.

Winter crops are sown:

• in woodland - September 1-15;
• in the forest-steppe and western regions - September 5-20;
• in the steppe - September 5-25;
• in the southern regions - from September 15 to October 5.

Average sowing rates:

• in woodland - 5-5.5 million pcs. per 1 ha;
• in the forest-steppe - 4.5-5 million pcs. per 1 ha;
• in the steppe - 4-4.5 million pcs. per 1 hectare.

Planting depth in non-black earth regions - 4-6 cm, in arid areas - 6-8 cm, if the topsoil is very dry, then 10-12 cm.

Further cultivation technology

From sowing to harvesting, winter crops go through 6 stages of development:

• germination of seeds;
• tillering phase - when lateral processes are formed on the stem and root;
• exit into the tube - the first node appears on the main stem;
• earing - germination of spikelets on the shoots;
• bloom;
• ripening - in this phase, grain is formed, the accumulated moisture is lost, the grain ripens.

So that all phases pass without interruptions, growth and yield do not decrease, after sowing feeding with nitrogen fertilizers (40-80 kg / ha).

In spring they are treated with biological and chemical substances to protect against pests and diseases... Weeds are removed, fields are treated with herbicides (Verdict, Bakara Forte, Alistair Grand).

Reference. When processing infected crops, the economic threshold of harmfulness is taken into account.

The use of chemicals depends on the degree of infection, the type of diseases and pests... Failure to comply with preventive measures can lead to the death of the crop.

The growing crop is regularly watered... The amount and frequency of watering depends on the wheat variety and soil composition. To ensure high yields, spring water reserves in the upper soil layer must exceed 2 cm.

Harvesting is carried out after the grain is fully ripe, with a moisture content of 15-17%... They use special grain-harvesting equipment and combines. The timing and methods of harvesting also affect its volume. If wheat is not harvested in time, it will begin to crumble, which will lead to loss of yield.

The main harvesting method for ripe wheat is one-phase, in which in one cycle of work the grains are isolated from the ear. There is a two-phase method, when the ears are first mown, swaths are formed, and after drying they are threshed. This method is more labor intensive, but produces less grain loss.

Conclusion

The cultivation technology of winter wheat depends on various factors: in which region it is grown, weather conditions, variety, soil composition. Sowing dates and further care have an impact on crop yield. Compliance with all requirements for growing will allow you to get a rich grain harvest.