What are the varieties of rye: sowing, winter and other varieties

Rye is resistant to a harsh climate and many useful properties - thanks to these qualities, it is cultivated throughout Russia. About what rye is, what qualities it has and where it is used - we will tell in the article.

Description and characteristics of rye

This is a genus of herbaceous plants from the Zlakovy family (Myatlikovs), belongs to the Wheat order, along with barley, wheat, mortar, wheatgrass and spikelet.

The root system is fibrous, it grows to a depth of 2 m. Rye is able to grow on barren sandy soils due to its ability to be fed naturally with difficult-to-dissolve compounds. Bushy stems grow in both 4 and 90 shoots, which are knotty cylindrical straws.

Interesting! Rye can reach a height of 2.5 m, but on average this figure ranges from 70-100 cm.

The leaves are green, rough with a slight waxy bloom, lanceolate. The stem ends in a fusiform spike, consisting of segments - small spikelets: dense, medium-dense or loose.

Reference. The ears of cultivated rye are distinguished by their strength and elasticity; in the wild, they are fragile and brittle. Each segment contains one oval-shaped seed, the length of which is 5-10 mm, and the width is 1.5-3.5. Rye kernels are white, green, purple, brown, or yellow.

Chemical composition, trace elements, vitamins

100 g of grains account for:

• proteins - 9.9;
• fats - 2.2;
• carbohydrates - 55.8;
• calorie content - 283 kcal.

Grains contain trace elements: Mg, Ca, S, Cl, Zn, Fe.

Vitamins in the composition: B7, E, B3, B5, B1, B6, B2, K, P.

Acid balance (pH) 4.3-5.5.

Beneficial features

Rye contains a lot of nutrients, but in past centuries it was considered a rough food for peasants and common people. Thanks to this cereal, the poor in Russia survived during the long and harsh winters.

Rye also has medicinal properties:

• has a beneficial effect on the cardiovascular system;
• strengthens the immune system;
• normalizes the nervous system;
• affects the condition of the skin, hair and nails;
• improves blood circulation;
• normalizes the digestive tract;
• lowers blood glucose levels.

For a healthy gastrointestinal tract of a healthy person, this cereal does not pose any danger and is well absorbed. It promotes weight loss by normalizing the intestinal microflora, alkalizing the body and restoring normal metabolism.

Diabetics add rye to the diet, since its glycemic index is low: in seedlings - 34 units, in flour with bran - 32 units, in whole grains - 40 units.

Harm

Rye contains glutentherefore it should not be consumed by people with celiac disease. For them, this substance is contraindicated, as well as for patients with disorders of the gastrointestinal tract - an ulcer and gastritis with increased acidity of the stomach.

Applications of rye

Rye is used in cooking, medicine and agriculture. For Russian peasants, it was not only a hearty and inexpensive meal, but also a means of getting rid of evil spirits. For newborns, bundles of ears were placed in a cradle to protect them from any trouble.

On the farm, rye is used for different purposes:

1. Grain improves soil quality and is actively used as green manure. This natural green fertilizer is capable of making the alumina looser and suitable for planting other crops.
2. Many peoples have long noted the strength of rye straw rods and began to use them for laying roofs. They are quite durable and can last for decades.Adobe bricks also contain rye straw and are often used in the construction of eco-villages.
3. This cereal is a favorite delicacy of livestock: feed with the addition of rye turns out to be especially nutritious. Straw is used to make comfortable bedding that keeps you warm in cold weather.
4. Rye is used for mulching strawberries and as a fertilizer for myceliums.

Adherents of a healthy lifestyle and nutritionists suggest replacing white bread from wheat with rye, because it is healthier and helps to normalize metabolism.

Important! For healthy bread, the dough is kneaded with whey or sourdough grown from the flour itself.

If you sprinkle rye bread with caraway seeds or coriander, the acid will not be so noticeable. To make it more bland, you can add a little oatmeal, flaxseed, wheat or barley flour - preferably whole grain. Sunflower, flaxseed or pumpkin seeds are a healthy and tasty addition. Rye is used to bake bread, rolls, pies, cheesecakes, muffins and gingerbread, flat cakes with the addition of whole grain flour.

The most delicious kvass is made from rye croutons. It is refreshing and has a slight hopping effect.

For those who want to lose weight, jelly made from rye grains with the addition of barley, oats and wheat is suitable: all the ingredients are ground in a coffee grinder, poured over with chilled water and cooked until thickened over low heat. Several flax seeds will make the drink appear more jelly-like.

Rye porridge is a dish for true gourmets or fans of healthy lifestyle, but when combined with wheat it becomes an energetic and low-calorie breakfast dish for everyone.

Rye used by in folk medicine and helps with various diseases:

1. Sprouted rye and rye bread have a mild laxative effect and are good for constipation, while the decoction of the grains strengthens and is used to treat diarrhea. It is also used as part of complex therapy for bronchial asthma and diseases of the respiratory system.
2. Rye bread softened in water is a remedy for the treatment of skin diseases. Women use face masks to make their skin firm and smooth.
3. Black bread rusks help the body recover from severe poisoning, complex operations, respiratory diseases, if there are no contraindications.
4. Rye flour baked goods strengthen muscle tissue, energize the body and increase performance.
5. Rye relieves arthritis, atherosclerosis, anemia, hypertension, arthrosis, kidney and liver diseases.
6. With a painful dry cough, a decoction of rye seeds helps. It has an expectorant effect, and when added with ghee, it gently acts on the sore throat tissue.
7. Rye vodka tincture is prepared with the addition of honey and barberry root. It reduces joint pain.
8. Sprouted rye, boiled in milk in the form of porridge, is good for the cardiovascular system.
9. An acidic rye decoction is used to treat nicotine addiction - its taste discourages the desire to smoke.

What are the types and varieties of rye

According to the international Internet project "The Plant List", which contains information about the plant kingdom, there are 8 species of rye, including wild and cultural ones:

• Secale africanum - African
• Secale anatolicum - Anatolian
• Secale derzhavinii - Derzhavin's rye;
• Secale montanum - mountainous
• Secale sylvestre - wild (forest)
• Secale vavilovii - Babylonian rye;
• Secale segetale - sowing rye;
• Secale cereale is cultural.

In nature, this plant is perennial, and domesticated species live for a year or two. Cultivated (sowing) rye is: winter, annual, biennial, spring. About 50 varieties of rye are actively cultivated in Russia.

Winter rye varieties:

1. Alpha. The variety is resistant to mold, rust and lodging. Endures winter staunchly. Grains are added to products from other rye varieties to improve their taste.
2. Relay race of Tatarstan. The variety belongs to medium late. Height up to 125 cm. Stems are strong, resistant to lodging.The relay race of Tatarstan does not suffer from powdery mildew, white mold and rust, which allows it to grow successfully in a humid climate. The grains are large, rich in amino acids. Flour from the Tatarstan Relay is used for the bakery industry and the preparation of dietary food.
3. Tatarskaya 1.A medium late variety, reaching a height of 115 cm. Tatarskaya 1 is frost-resistant and rarely suffers from snow mold and root rot. The main disadvantage is vulnerability to powdery mildew and brown rust. This does not allow the cultivation of the rye variety in regions with a high prevalence of these diseases. Tatarskaya 1 can be grown on infertile soils and is best sown as an insurance variety.
4. Bezenchukskaya yellow-grain. It grows mainly in the Orenburg region, Kazakhstan, the Volga region and Bashkiria. The variety is winter-hardy, not afraid of drought. Ideal for difficult steppe conditions. The ears are dense, medium in size, with small yellow grains.
5. Saratovskaya 7... This is a mid-season variety. Frost-resistant and drought-resistant, not prone to lodging. All ears of the same height with large grains. It has excellent baking characteristics and belongs to the 1st class. The variety is not susceptible to brown rust, powdery mildew and snow mold. It will be well born in the regions of the Middle and Lower Volga regions.
6. Slavia. The plant is semi-erect with increased frost resistance. The variety is recommended for cultivation in the Leningrad Region. The average yield in this region is 32.5 c / ha. Standard drought tolerance. Susceptible to snow mold.

Rye varieties with a recessive gene:

1. Dominant short stem type found in rye from Bulgaria (K-10028) in the naturally mutated EM-1 gene isolated by Professor Kobylinsky. The introduction of the gene into the rye variety shortens the length of the straws by 25%. In a homozygous state for the hl hl allele, the short stature disappears, and the stems grow well.
2. Pleiotropic type of recessive short stalk is in the genome of Moscow dwarf rye and Vyatka Moscow. The main role is played by the ct gene allele (compactum). Not only the stem is shortened, but also the leaves, awns, anthers and weevils.
3. Monotropic recessive gene a short stem is available in representatives of foreign selection: Danae, Petkusser Kurstrog, Kungsreg II, Stalreg, Dominant.

Popular varieties in Russia:

1. Vyatka. This variety is more common than others in our northern latitudes, the central region and in the east of the country. It grows in Kazakhstan and Belarus. Vyatka is resistant to low and high temperatures, gives a high yield and successfully resists pests. The ears are of medium length, gray-green grains are large and oval in shape. This variety has two subspecies: Vyatka Moskovskaya and Vyatka-2.
2. Valdai. The variety is intense and early maturing. Gives a stable rich harvest of large grains with excellent technical qualities. Valdai is frost-resistant, not susceptible to snow mold and brown rust, and is resistant to lodging. Most baked goods are baked from this type of rye.

Read also:

What kind of cereal is made from rye and its useful properties.

How to make moonshine from rye at home.

Conclusion

The nutritional and beneficial properties of rye have firmly strengthened its position in the daily diet of people. The use of rye bread, cereals with the addition of rye provides the body with vitamins and relieves the condition in many diseases. Rye is used in medical and dietary nutrition, cosmetic purposes.