What is the technology of cultivation of winter rye and its final yield
Winter rye is an ideal precursor for valuable crops. When growing it, the number of weeds, pests decreases, and the structure of the soil improves. The resulting grain and straw can be sold, which will cover the costs of improving the condition of the fields and even make a profit. In a number of regions, it is the only cereal available for cultivation.
How to grow winter rye and get the maximum yield, we will tell in the article.
The content of the article
What are the features of growing winter rye
The main advantage of growing winter rye is the winter hardiness of the crop.... Crops can easily tolerate temperatures down to –25… –30 ° С, even if there is no snow cover. In harsh conditions, the yield of some varieties is 20-30 centners per hectare. Wheat in such frosts simply will not withstand.
Winter rye varieties branch well, 3-8 spikelets grow from one grain... Plants grow rapidly, displacing weeds from the fields, including wild oats and sow thistles. Winter rye is used as a precursor before sowing row crops and spring cereals. Grown on soils with high acidity, which wheat and other cereals cannot tolerate.
Winter rye is used as an early siderat in organic farming... It displaces weeds, loosens the soil. Long roots raise useful minerals from the deep layers of the soil. After warm weather sets in, young shoots are cut, and the main crop is sown in the field.
The cut rye quickly re-melts and serves as a fertilizer for new plantings.
How rye grows
Rye is a herbaceous annual plant with a hollow, bare stem... Cultivated varieties have an average height of 80-100 cm.
Other characteristics:
- leaves are fleecy, characteristic bluish color;
- the root system is fibrous, branched, reaches a depth of 1-2 m;
- 6-8 shoots grow from each seed, under favorable conditions - up to 90;
- stem ends with two-row spikelets;
- fruit - an elongated (5-10 mm) grain, slightly pressed from the sides, 1-3 mm thick.
The mass of a thousand seeds depends on the variety... In diploid 1000 seeds weigh 20-35 g, in tetraploid ones - 50-55 g.
Interesting on the site:
Rye varieties: sowing, winter and other varieties
What cereals are made from rye and its beneficial properties
Where is it grown
Rye has long been the main grain crop in Europe, after which it gave way to wheat and barley. It is believed that the ancestral home of modern cultivated species was Turkey, where rye was considered a weed. After the spread of grain farming in the northern territories, people turned their attention to the cereal because of its cold resistance.
Rye is now grown in many countries... In the Russian Federation, the most favorable regions for the cultivation of cereals: the republics of Bashkiria and Tatarstan, the Orenburg, Saratov, Kirov and Volgograd regions.
In Yakutia and Transbaikalia, only spring varieties are grown, since winter crops are not able to survive too cold winters.
In the southern districts and regions of the Russian Federation, rye is not grown, since the fields are allocated for more productive and valuable crops: wheat, corn, sunflower.
Optimal growing conditions
Rye is a temperate crop.... Seeds germinate at a temperature of + 1 ... + 2 ° С, for seedlings it is necessary to increase to + 4 ... + 5 ° С. A drop in temperature in autumn has little effect on the growing season.The stems bush well at + 12 ° С and stop growing at + 3 ... + 4 ° С. Sharp, prolonged cold snaps in spring can slow down development.
The culture belongs to the light-loving... Plants develop rapidly with long daylight hours. With sufficient light, rye grows well, ears are formed on all stems. With a shortened daylight hours, abundant branching begins without the formation of spikelets.
Important... You can store only dry seeds, after getting wet, the grains quickly die if the temperature drops below 0 ° C.
Habitat: what is rye demanding for
Culture loves moisture. For seed germination, soil moisture must be above 21.8%... In this case, the first shoots appear on the third day after sowing. With a decrease in humidity to 18.5%, development slows down. Seedlings appear only after a week.
During the growing season, especially tillering and flowering, the need for moisture increases sharply... Plants from 1 hectare consume up to 1600 tons of water from the soil during the growth of green mass. Therefore, in arid regions, irrigation is required. After flowering, the need for rye in water drops significantly.
The cereal crop grows on soils of different acidity (pH = 5.3-6.5). It is grown in regions with podzolic soils, chernozems, structured forest loams.
Pollination of rye requires warm, dry weather with a light breeze... With strong humidity, windiness, cold, pollen dies.
Read also:
Cultivation technology
To obtain a harvest, winter rye is planted in clean, busy and green manure pairs, if the culture is provided with full moisture. The sowing period of winter crops depends on the characteristics of the variety and climatic conditions, on average 50 days before the temperature drops below + 4 ... + 5 ° С. During this time, the seedlings will germinate enough to withstand the winter cold.
Interesting... Rye is sometimes planted in early spring. In such cases, vernalization is preliminarily carried out: seeds are germinated up to 1 mm, sprinkled with a moist substrate and grown in a refrigerator for about a month, after which they are sown.
Soil and seed preparation
Fertilize before sowing winter rye... Better to use organic: manure, compost. The norm is 30-35 kg / ha for poor soils and 15-20 kg / ha for black soil. When sowing after late spike precursors, the dosage is increased to 40-45 kg / ha. When sowing, superphosphate is introduced on time - 50 kg / ha. Soil acidity is reduced with lime fertilizers to 3-5 t / ha.
High-quality planting material is selected for sowing:
- germination of grains over 92%;
- purity above 97%;
- the mass of 1000 seeds is not less than 35 g;
- growth force 80% or more.
Before planting, the seeds are treatedto prevent infection with fusarium and helminthosporium rot, ergot and other diseases. Freshly harvested grains are heated in the sun for 3-5 days or in a grain dryer for 2-3 hours.
Sowing
It is recommended to sow winter rye when the average daily temperature drops below + 15 ° С... This reduces the likelihood of insect damage to crops and speeds up seed hardening.
Most often, narrow-row sowing with row spacing of 7-8 cm is used. The seeds are buried no more than 5 cm, otherwise the yield drops dramatically.
Rye care
After sowing, the seeds are rolled up, harrowed, if necessary, the fields are treated with herbicides and retardants. Rolling can be carried out immediately after planting if ring rollers are available. Compaction and leveling of the soil has a beneficial effect on seed germination.
As the rye develops, it is fed with nitrogen fertilizers: 30-40 kg / ha at the stage of intensive growth and when laying buds.
Crop protection
In autumn, after the growth of seedlings has slowed down, the plants are treated against root rot and snow mold.... In winter, snow retention works are carried out. In spring, the fields are harrowed if possible.Usually, nature "gives" only 4-5 days for this type of processing, since rye begins to grow rapidly after warming.
To prevent the appearance of fungi, the fields are treated with fungicides, when weeds appear, targeted herbicides are used.
When rye blooms
Fields begin to bloom 7-10 days after heading... Flowering lasts up to two weeks. In hot weather, the period can be reduced to 6-8 days. With high humidity and cold snap, anthers do not open, flowering lasts longer.
The flowers open several times during the day for 15-30 minutes, after which they close. The first buds bloom in the middle of the ear, then the bloom spreads to the edges.
When she is taken from the fields
Rye is harvested in the middle of the waxy ripeness stage... When harvesting, speed is important. When the rye ripens, 4-6 days after the end of the waxy ripeness, the grains begin to fall off quickly and the crop is lost.
Harvest
Single-phase harvesting is performed by combines, when the moisture content of the grains decreases to 20%... Due to the short harvesting period and rapid seed drop, separate harvesting is more often used. The rye is mowed and laid in rolls. After a few days, the stems and grain dry out. The rolls are collected and threshed. This method reduces grain loss due to shedding.
Winter rye yield
Crop yield depends on the growing region, the selected variety or hybrid and is about 20 kg / ha. For example, in the Republic of Kalmykia, agrarians manage to collect an average of 9 c / g, and in the Krasnodar Territory - 37 c / ha.
Conclusion
Growing winter rye in compliance with cultivation technologies is of practical importance. The culture is low-cost, the profitability of production in some regions exceeds 60%. In case of an unsuccessful winter and mass lodging of crops at the first warming, you can plant fields with other crops or spring rye.